Unterschiede

Hier werden die Unterschiede zwischen zwei Versionen der Seite angezeigt.

--- immune_system [2025/03/27 13:01] – webmaster
+++ immune_system [2025/03/29 09:59] (aktuell) – webmaster
@@ Zeile 18: / Zeile 18: @@
   * **Helper T cells** are a type of immune cell. When they sense an infection, they activate other immune cells to fight it. They may activate cytotoxic T cells or they may activate B cells, which produce antibodies. \\ \\
   * **Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)** are a large group of various cells that trigger the cellular immune response by processing an antigen and exposing it in a form recognizable by T cells in the process known as antigen presentation. \\ \\
-  *
+  * Cell clone \\ \\
+  * The theory about **clonal selection** states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes. \\ \\
+  * **Somatic recombination** is a type of gene rearrangement by which cells of the adaptive immune system physically cut out small regions of DNA and then paste the remaining pieces of DNA back together. \\ \\
+  * A healthy immune system defends the body against disease and infection. But if the immune system malfunctions, it mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. Called **autoimmune disease**, these attacks can affect any part of the body, weakening bodily function and even turning life-threatening. \\ \\
+  * **Macrophages** are specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. In addition, they can also present antigens to T cells and initiate inflammation by releasing molecules (known as cytokines) that activate other cells. \\ \\
+  * **Precipitation** happens when soluble antigens are recognized by antibodies in the immune system. The antibodies bind to these antigens and clump them together into larger, solid complexes that are easier for the body to remove. This clumping is called a precipitate. \\ \\
+\\
+| The **innate immune response** is the body’s first, fast, general defense against any invader. It is non-specific, meaning it does not target a specific germ, and it is always ready. | The **specific (adaptive) immune response** is slower at first, but it targets specific invaders. It uses specialized cells (like B and T cells) that remember and attack only the exact germ that caused the infection. |
+| In the immune system, "**self**" means the body’s own healthy cells and materials. The immune system knows not to attack these. | "**Non-self**" means anything foreign—like bacteria, viruses, or anything that doesn’t naturally belong in your body. The immune system is trained to recognize and attack non-self things. |
+| Found on all body cells (except red blood cells). Shows "self" or infected signals to the immune system. If a cell is infected, **MHC I** shows pieces of the invader to killer T cells (CD8+ T cells), which then destroy the infected cell. | **MHC II** is found only on special immune cells (like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells). Shows pieces of non-self (foreign invaders) that they've eaten to helper T cells (CD4+ T cells). This helps activate the immune response. |
+| **Humoral response** involves B cells and antibodies. It fights pathogens in body fluids (like blood or lymph). B-cells produce antibodies that stick to invaders (like bacteria and viruses) to block or destroy them. | **Cellular response** involves T cells, especially killer T cells. It fights infected cells or abnormal cells (like virus-infected or cancer cells). T cells directly destroy those infected cells. |
+| **Primary response** happens the first time your body encounters a new germ. It is slower and takes a few days to build up antibodies. During this time the body is learning to fight that specific invader. You might feel sick while this is happening. | **Secondary response** happens when your body sees the same germ again. It is faster and stronger because of memory cells (from B and T cells). You might not even feel sick. |
+| The **activation phase** is when the immune system detects a threat (like a virus or bacteria). Antigen-presenting cells (like dendritic cells) show the invader to B cells and T cells that get activated and start multiplying. | The **effector phase** is when the activated immune cells go into action. B cells make antibodies and Killer T cells destroy infected cells. The body is now fighting back and removing the invader. |
+|
-B-plasma cells, cytotoxic
-cells (=cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes), thymus, T helper cells (=CD4 cells), APC (=Antigen
+activation phase and
-presenting cell), phagocytosis, cell clone, clonal selection, somatic recombination,
-autoimmune disease, Macrophage, precipitation of soluble antigens
-pairs of terms: innate and specific immune response, self and no self, MHCI/II, humoral
-and cellular immune response, primary and secondary response, activation phase and
 effector phase, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, antibody and receptor, antibody and
 antigen, heavy chain and light chain, active and passive immunization, B- and TLymphocytes